| 印刷术的起源 |
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| 印刷术的起源，指的就是发明印刷术必不可少的物质基础、技术演进、文字规范、社会需求这四个前提条件的演进过程。其中： The origin of printing refers to the evolution process of the four prerequisites for the invention of printing, namely, material basis, technological evolution, text specification and social demand. Among them: 1.物质基础。作为工艺技术，印刷术离不开文房四宝和刻版、刷印工具，这些工具的成熟奠定了印刷术发明、发展的根基。尤其是纸张的运用奠定了印刷术发展的基础。这也是为什么印刷术会最先出现于中国的一个重要缘由。 1. Material basis. As a process technology, printing is inseparable from the four treasures of the study, engraving and printing tools. The maturity of these tools has laid the foundation for the invention and development of printing. In particular, the use of paper laid the foundation for the development of printing. This is an important reason why printing first appeared in China. 文房四宝 the scholar 's four jewels 2.技术演进。印刷必有印版，印版是手工雕刻的，用的是手工雕刻技术；印版上的图文通过刷拭转印到承印物上，用的是转印复制术。这刻制印版的手工雕刻技术和用于刷印的转印复制技术的成熟，需要漫长的演进过程。商周以来的印章工艺及拓印技术为印刷术的出现提供了一个重要的技术借鉴。 2. Technology evolution. There must be a printing plate in printing. The printing plate is carved by hand, which uses manual engraving technology; the pictures and texts on the printing plate are transferred to the substrate by brushing, and the transfer replication technology is used. The maturity of manual engraving technology and transfer printing technology for printing plate needs a long evolution process. The seal technology and rubbing technology since the Shang and Zhou dynasties provide an important technical reference for the emergence of printing. 3.文字规范。文字是信息的载体，文字从仓颉造的图画文字，历经商朝的甲骨刻辞、西周的大篆铭文、战国秦汉的小篆和隶书，到东汉的楷书，才臻于完善与规范。为以纸为承印物的雕版印刷术的发明做好了先期准备。 3. Standard writing. Characters are the carrier of information. Characters have been perfected and standardized from the picture characters made by Cangjie, through oracle bone inscriptions of Shang Dynasty, big seal characters of Western Zhou Dynasty, small seal characters and official script of Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, and regular script of Eastern Han Dynasty. It is a good preparation for the invention of woodblock printing with paper as substrate. 4.社会需求。社会文化发展是印刷术从起源到发明与发展的原动力。无社会文化、精神需求，印刷术的发展无从说起。隋唐时期推行科举制度，极大地刺激了社会对应试书籍的需求。此外，宗教信仰进一步推动了民众对宗教类经书的需求。 4. Social needs. Social and cultural development is the driving force of printing from its origin to invention and development. Without social, cultural and spiritual needs, there is no way to talk about the development of printing. The implementation of the imperial examination system in Sui and Tang Dynasties greatly stimulated the social demand for examination books. In addition, religious belief further promoted the public's demand for religious scriptures. |
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